1. It is written in birth chart a term Pada. What is its meaning and significance?
2. In the birth chart (Eastern India style) "R" is written against some grahas in some houses. What this "R" signifies and its importance in astrology?

[quote="sdhar43"]1. It is written in birth chart a term Pada. What is its meaning and significance?
2. In the birth chart (Eastern India style) "R" is written against some grahas in some houses. What this "R" signifies and its importance in astrology?[/quote]

If pada (sometimes charan is used) refers to moon or nakshatra (moon is in third pada of rohini, for example) then the jyotishi is talking about the quarter segment of a nakshatra. This pada is the same as navamsha in zodiacal space/position.

There is also pada or arudha that is used in consideration in jyotish. That is completely different and is the location in rashi varga which places the lord of a house in the midpoint between the house and the pada (couple of exceptions exists). Sounds complex but really is the very basic building block of jyotish.

R stands for retrograde. All planets except sun and moon seem to move backwards from time to time. It has profound effects on the expression of the planet, too many to detail in a message. Books have been written on the topic.