Yes, the Earth is Expanding!
Geologist Dr James Maxlow presents an update of his research into our
expanding Earth, refuting the popularly held theory of plate tectonics.




Extracted from Nexus Magazine, Volume 13, Number 1 (December 2005 - January
2006)
PO Box 30, Mapleton Qld 4560 Australia. editor@nexusmagazine.com
Telephone: +61 (0)7 5442 9280; Fax: +61 (0)7 5442 9381
From our web page at: www.nexusmagazine.com

by James Maxlow, PhD © 2005
Email: TerrellaConsultants@bigpond.com




In NEXUS vol. 7, no. 6 (2000), and again in NEXUS vol. 8, no. 3 (2001), I
introduced readers to the concept of an expanding Earth, whereby the Earth
has been steadily increasing its radius, and hence its surface area, since
the beginning of geological time some 4,600 million years ago.
My new book, outlining in detail the concept of an expanding Earth, is
titled Terra Non Firma Earth: Plate Tectonics is a Myth. It is available in
e-book format from http://www.oneoffpublishing.com and as a hard copy via
email at Terrellapress@ bigpond.com.
In this book, I have simply treated our Earth as just another cosmological
entity, an insignificant microdot amongst many, amidst an unimaginably vast
Universe. I then looked at modern geological, geophysical and geographical
evidence to see not only what has happened to our Earth since its formation,
but also to see if science has in fact got the interpretation of this
evidence all wrong. To me, this evidence shows that the concept of an
expanding Earth is uniquely viable and represents a demonstrable global
tectonic process. Similarly all geological, geophysical and geographical
information, when displayed on models of an expanding Earth, substantiates
an Archaean to future Earth-expansion process and far better explains this
readily available physical phenomenon.
By far the single most important contribution to modern scientific
understanding of the concept of global tectonics, and Earth expansion in
particular, has been the completion of geological mapping and age-dating of
all the continental and ocean-floor crusts. This mapping was not available
to early researchers prior to the late 1980s, and has since been
significantly underutilised in plate tectonic studies.
In contrast to plate tectonic studies, this mapping has enabled the
assemblage of all crustal plates to be accurately constrained on models of
an expanding Earth, and for the first time has enabled modelling studies to
be extended back to the earliest Archaean era. It has also provided a means
to define Earth expansion mathematically, and a means to investigate an
Earth expansion process mathematically throughout Earth history.

Plate Reconstructions
What this mapping shows is that the post-Triassic oceanic geology in
particular (ocean crusts younger than about 165 million years ago) can be
used to constrain latitudinally and longitudinally and assemble crustal
plates on a smaller-radius Earth. Reconstruction of these crustal plates on
models of an expanding Earth consistently show that each plate assembles
with a single unique fit, with all plates assembling with a very high degree
of accuracy along each of the mid-ocean-rift zones.
If these oceanic plate reconstructions were mere coincidence, then we should
expect that the oceanic mapping, as well as evidence from adjoining
continents, would not match across plate boundaries on models of an
expanding Earth. The evidence, in fact, shows us that oceanic mapping does
match across these plate boundaries, that all continental sedimentary basins
do merge to form a global network of continental seas, that orogenic and
fold mountain belts do coincide, and that ancient crustal regions do
assemble together exactly.
This assemblage of oceanic crustal plates is shown to extend back to the
Triassic period (200 million years ago), and demonstrates the viability and
uniqueness of a post-Triassic Earth expansion process. This contrasts
strongly with plate tectonics reconstructions for the same time interval,
where assemblage of crustal plates is based on magnetic evidence preserved
in crustal rocks and constrained by latitude only. Here, complex
apparent-polar-wander paths are used to generate random, arbitrary,
amalgamation-dispersal-amalgamation plate motion cycles on a constant-radius
Earth.
The unique Earth expansion assemblage also contrasts strongly with the plate
tectonics requirement to fragment continents arbitrarily in order to comply
with the oceanic mapping data. It also contrasts with the requirement to
dispose of huge areas of inferred pre-existing crust beneath subduction
zones in order to maintain a constant surface area.
The utilisation of continental crustal geology to constrain a pre-Triassic
expanding Earth crustal assemblage (continental crusts older than 165
million years ago) has never been done before. Early expanding-Earth
researchers were limited simply to removing the oceans and visually fitting
the remaining continents together on a smaller-radius Earth, and, as
previously mentioned, plate tectonics researchers are constrained primarily
by magnetic requirements, not crustal assemblage.

Spatial Assemblage Retained
What can be seen from the expanding Earth models (figure 1) presented in the
Terra Non Firma Earth book is that all continental crust unites precisely to
form a single pan-global crust during the Early Permian period and the bulk
of the atmosphere and hydrosphere is returned to the mantle. During this
time, continental sedimentary basins merge to form a global network
coinciding with continental seas, and ancient continents and seas are
defined by the variation in coastal outlines during Earth history.
When we progressively return these sedimentary basins to their
pre-extension, pre-rift or pre-orogenic configuration on pre-Permian models
of an expanding Earth (continental crust older than 250 million years), we
see that the remaining crustal fragments making up our continents retain a
unique spatial assemblage throughout Earth history. This unique spatial
assemblage is maintained throughout the long history of Precambrian (older
than 560 million years ago) and Palaeozoic (crust aged between 560 to 200
million years ago) crustal extension, prior to crustal rupture during the
Late Palaeozoic era, followed by continental break-up and dispersal of the
modern continents during opening of the modern oceans.
Again, this unique assemblage of all crustal fragments on models of an
expanding Earth demonstrates that Earth expansion, extending back to the
beginning of the Earth's geological past, is again viable. What these
Archaean (crust older than 2,500 million years) to present-day models
demonstrate is that, rather than being a random, arbitrary,
amalgamation-dispersal-amalgamation crust-forming process (as we are
currently led to believe), crustal development on an expanding Earth is
instead a simple, evolving and predictable crust-forming process.

It is significant to reiterate that on models of an expanding Earth, each of
the established Precambrian and Palaeozoic crustal assemblages merge
together to form a global network of sedimentary basins on a common
pan-global crust. The mergence of each of these crustal settings shows us
that global crust-forming processes-such as sedimentary basin extension,
crust mobility, orogenesis, mountain building, distribution of metals, and
so on-all correlate precisely with the overall development of the crust.
In my book, I show that the global network of sedimentary basins from each
of the continents also unites to form a global network of crustal weakness,
operating throughout the Precambrian and Palaeozoic eras. It is within this
network of global crustal weakness that crustal extension-generated during
ongoing Earth expansion-is focused, as well as ongoing crustal mobility,
mantle-derived heat flow, magmatic activity, crustal rupture, continental
break-up and the eventual opening of each of the modern oceans.
On my expanding Earth models, this break-up of the ancient continental crust
results in a disruption of the established polar ice-caps, a disruption of
the ancient continental seas, changes to sea levels and a disruption of
established climatic zones. These disruptive changes in turn affect plant
and animal species' habitats and drive the evolution of these species, their
long-term decline or their periodic extinction.

I also show that when imposed constant Earth surface area and constant Earth
radius premises are removed from geophysical observations, these same
geophysical observations, when applied to models of an expanding Earth,
demonstrate that the data are consistent with an expanding Earth. Similarly,
geographical and biogeographical information, when applied to expanding
Earth models, aptly quantifies crustal development on an expanding Earth and
quantifies the locations of the ancient magnetic poles and equators
determined from the unconstrained geophysical data.
The application of ancient magnetic measurements to models of an expanding
Earth shows us that all ancient magnetic poles cluster as diametrically
opposed north and south poles on each model constructed. This diametrically
opposed clustering of poles is impossible on conventional plate tectonics
reconstructions, where pole data are instead used to generate complex
apparent-polar-wander paths. When used to determine an ancient Earth radius,
this same magnetic evidence, traditionally used to negate Earth expansion,
in fact confirms Earth expansion.

An interrogation of published space-based geodetic solutions to the Earth's
geodetic network, while shown to be non-conclusive, also suggests that raw
observational satellite data are being routinely constrained to a
static-radius Earth, thus precluding their relevance to Earth expansion.
While published geodetic measurements are routinely quoted to sub-centimetre
accuracy, large unexplained fluctuations in Earth radius for most
observation sites throughout the world tell us that mathematical solutions
to the present Earth radius are not as sufficiently well constrained for use
in vertical plate motion studies as they are for horizontal motions. For
horizontal plate motion studies, published results for current-day
horizontal motion of the major plates are shown to be close to the
million-year average-motion vectors determined from oceanic mapping. This
conclusion is consistent with Earth expansion, and in fact forms the basis
for model construction.

Ancient Seas and Supercontinents
When I plotted the published coastal geography on expanding Earth models, I
saw that the large, ancient Panthallassa, Tethys and Iapetus oceans of plate
tectonics are not present on a smaller-radius expanding Earth. Instead, this
same coastal geography defines the presence of more restricted continental
Panthallassa, Iapetus and Tethys seas, which, on an expanding Earth,
represent precursors to the modern Pacific and Atlantic oceans and the
emergent Eurasian continent.
From this coastal geography, the emergent land surfaces on models of an
expanding Earth equate to Rodinia, Gondwana and Pangaea-the assemblages of
supercontinents and smaller sub-continents of plate tectonics theory.
Instead of fragments of these ancient continents randomly colliding,
breaking up and dispersing to reassemble arbitrarily as new supercontinents,
the coastal geography on the expanding Earth models demonstrates an
evolutionary development of each of the ancient continents throughout Earth
history.
On each expanding Earth model, this evolutionary development of the ancient
supercontinents is found to be intimately related to changes in sea level,
with no requirement for random continental assemblage or crustal break-up.
What the coastal geography shows is that the outlines of emergent
supercontinents are intimately related to changes in the outlines of
continental sedimentary basins, to changes incurred during crustal mobility,
to climate changes, and to changes in sea levels as the modern oceans
developed and rapidly opened to the present day.

Distribution of Species and Minerals
When examples of faunal and floral species are plotted on expanding Earth
models, the distributions illustrate the ease and simplification of
migration and species development. These cosmopolitan and provincial
distributions and inter-relationships are maintained without the need for
complex plate tectonic continental assemblage-dispersal requirements. This
contrasts strongly with plate tectonics reconstructions, where assemblages
and movements of the continents do not correspond to the known or necessary
migration routes required by the established species distribution
boundaries.
During continental break-up and opening of the modern oceans on an expanding
Earth, the traditional migration routes of the various species are then
shown to be disrupted, enabling species endemic to the various regions to
interact and extend their boundaries with time. The timing of species
development is then shown to be reflected intimately in the changes to sea
level and the opening of the modern oceans. This timing either facilitated
species migration by extending and expanding on existing migration routes or
caused species extinction because of failure to adapt to the changing
conditions.
The distribution of climate-dependent rocks (such as limestone, coal and
glacial rocks) as well as biotic species shows that these rocks and species
coincide precisely with the climatic zones expected on an expanding Earth.
Each of these climatic indicators also displays a distinct latitudinal
zonation, paralleling the ancient equator, and a distinct northward shift in
climatic zonation, suggesting that an inclined Earth rotational
axis-inclined to the pole of the ecliptic-was well established during the
Palaeozoic era and has persisted to the present day.
The distribution of metals and petroleum products on an expanding Earth also
shows global clustering into distinct provinces, and the timing of formation
coincides with well-established global tectonic events. The recognition of
these ancient metal and petroleum provinces on the present Earth is shown in
the book to enable mineral search and genetic relationships to be extended
beyond their known localities. The distribution of metal deposits and the
nature and styles of mineralisation in time and space also suggest that
there has been an evolutionary trend in the concentration of metals as well
as in the diversity of the various types of mineral and petroleum
occurrences.

A Causal Model for Earth Expansion
To round off the investigation into the concept of an expanding Earth, I was
then compelled at least to speculate on a causal model for Earth expansion.
It is emphasised that, while speculative, this does not in any way detract
from the vast amount of empirical global geological, geophysical and
geographical evidence presented in the book to support Earth expansion.
It is an unfortunate human trait that requires us instinctively to want to
know or at least comprehend the cause well before the evidence, which far
too often blinds us from fully understanding the physical evidence available
to us. This is equally true for Earth expansion as it originally was for
plate tectonics, where for a long time plate tectonics was rejected by
science because of a lack of a suitable cause for crustal or plate motion.
The proposed causal model for Earth expansion presented in my book involves
the generation of and an increase in mass within the core. This new matter
accumulates at the core-mantle interface and the increase in volume results
in a swelling of the mantle. Mantle swell is then transferred to the outer
crust as continental crustal extension and also extension along the
mid-ocean-rift zones. This matter-generation process is considered
ultimately to result in a decay of the matter-formation process within the
core and cessation of expansion with time.
So, what does the Earth really have to say? The evidence presented in my
book tells us that an expanding Earth is indeed a viable and demonstrable
global tectonic process. At no stage was any fundamental physical law, apart
from human comprehension, violated during this investigation. I simply
removed what was not previously there (young crustal rocks), to end up with
a primitive Earth comprising an assemblage of equally primitive crustal
components. I then simply displayed published physical evidence on the
expanding Earth models created, and all of this evidence was shown to
complement each other and substantiate an Earth expansion process.
While this evidence is compelling, it certainly makes me wonder why we
continue to allow modern science to constrain our thinking to a
static-radius Earth model. As I show in my book, the physical data suggest
that the static-radius Earth of plate tectonics is a myth and that our Earth
is, in reality, a terra non firma expanding Earth. ?

About the Author:
Dr James Maxlow is a geologist with over 30 years' field exploration/mining
experience. He gained his Master's degree in geology in 1995 and in 2002 was
awarded a PhD in geology, majoring in global tectonics. He is principal
researcher with Terrella Consultants, based in Western Australia, and senior
project geologist with Newcrest Mining Ltd. He was a speaker at the NEXUS
Conference in Brisbane last September.
To obtain a copy of Dr Maxlow's book Terra Non Firma Earth (see review this
issue), email Anita Maxlow at Terrellapress@ bigpond.com or purchase an
e-book version from http://www.oneoffpublishing.com.
Dr Maxlow can be contacted by email at TerrellaConsultants@bigpond.com.

Further Information:
For a fuller article with diagrams and illustrations see the author's
webpage at http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/6520/

Another interesting website on the subject can be found at:
http://expanding-earth.org/

that post was great:)
just gets u thinking...

what you think about it. is this thing true, i have been reading about the expanding universe. but for the frist time i have came acorss such thing that the earth is expanding. so that why i post it here i can have little comments on it.

If the Earth is spanding I can reach the conclusion the Univers is spanding, everything is spanding??
In one way or another if it's true many changes will happen in society as we know it today.

thanks, for the reply but please can you be more brife about your talking because i cannot draw any conculsion for your reply.............................
please can you be more brife.................................... thanks